Shylock should be Pitied or Condemed - 1663 Words

Shylock is a man more to be pitied then condemned. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Be sure to refer to details of the play in your response. In the historic play â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† written by William Shakespeare, Shylock is one of the main characters who I have great pity for. Therefore I agree with the above statement that Shylock should be more pitied than condemned. Throughout the play we see Shylock involved in many different incidences and it is unknown whether he is a victim or a villain in most cases. Shakespeare leads me to make a final conclusion by showing me different incidents that Shylock is involved in the play. Shakespeare helps me to gather this conclusion through the use of many different literary†¦show more content†¦Jessica is not the obedient daughter that Shylocks take her for. In Act two Scene three, Jessica is seen talking to Launcelot, secretly telling him that she plans to become a Christian like Lorenzo and will become Lorenzo’s wife. This is very disrespectful to me because it’s a horrible thing to go behind your fathe’rs back. I find this to be ve ry harsh because Shylock invested all that he had in her so wonder how he felt when he had found this out. Although her diction reveals that, she feels some type of guilt, â€Å"Alack, what heinous sin is it in me to be ashamed to be my father’s child†, Jessica rejects her father, his way of life, his religion and stole a great deal of his wealth. Once again let’s think about the pain that Shylock must have went through. In Act two Scene five we see Jessica giving a final goodbye to her father as she speaks to herself, â€Å"Farewell, and if my fortune be not crossed, I have a father, you a daughter lost†. Here Jessica sadly says these words of betrayal to the back of her father who had just gave her orders to close up the house. Jessica also took Shylock’s most valuable possession, his late wife turquoise ring, and bought a monkey, Shylock was hurt by this the most,† Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my turquoise; I had it of Le ah when I was a bachelor. I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys.† The image of a broken Shylock walking the streets of Venice crying out loud, â€Å"Oh my

Puerto Rico Essay example - 492 Words

Puerto Rico The Caribbean before the landing of Columbus served almost as a bridge between the north coast of South America and Florida for the Amazonian tribes in the south and the north american inhabitants. When Christopher Columbus on his second trip in 1493 landed in Puerto Rico and claimed it for Spain, he found the island populated by as many as 60,000 Arawak or Taino indians, which for the most part, were friendly compared to the Carib indians in some of the more southerly islands which were warlike and to some degree cannibalistic. The conquest of the island didnt take long, and the peaceful Tainos were put to the task as slaves for†¦show more content†¦In 1508 the first governor arrived, Juan Ponce de Leà ³n (who is more famous as the searcher for the fountain of youth and discoveror of the state of Florida). The island remained Spanish despite harassment and numerous conquest attempts by buccaneers and pirates and English and Dutch expeditions. To defend the island against these threats, two forts, El Morro and San Cristà ³bal,were built to guard the approaches to San Juan harbor. Defense of these forts foiled attempts by Sir Francis Drake in 1595, by another English fleet in 1598, and by the Dutch in 1625 to capture Puerto Rico for their respective empires. The defeat of the British in 1797 finally thwarted that countrys designs on the island, and the Spanish colony was kept intact. During the 16th to the 19th century Puerto Rico was characterized primarily by underpopulation, poverty and neglect by Spain. It was mainly a garrison for the ships that would pass on their way to or from the other and richer colonies. During this time as much as 10 or 11 years would pass between the arrival of ships from Spain and as trade with other countries was prohibited, the islandShow MoreRelatedThe And Puerto Rico1864 Words   |  8 PagesPuerto Rico is an archipelago that is currently a territory of the United States of America with its official name being, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; however, it is often referred to by Puerto Ricans as Borinquen, a term derived from the name given to the island by its original Taà ­no natives, Borikà ©n. The Taà ­no natives were the last group of people to live on the island unphased by the outside world and are also the most well known pre-columbian settlement of Borinquen due to the greater numberRead MorePuerto Rico Ess ay2075 Words   |  9 PagesPuerto Rico is an island located in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, which is an unincorporated territory of the United States. The islands of Puerto Rico were acquired by the United States in 1898, where Spain ceded the islands to the U.S. In 1917, the Jones Act declared Puerto Rico to be an â€Å"organized but incorporated† territory of the United States, and granted US citizenship to all the residents who wanted it. An â€Å"unincorporated territory†, according to the US Supreme Court Insular Cases, ofRead MoreThe Independence Of Puerto Rico1407 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Truman was an indication that Puerto Ricans would use any necessary means to gain independence. Puerto Rico has been a territory of the United States for almost a century. The citizens of Puerto Rico have always had different views on whether they want independence or greater autonomy. The following essay will focus on the commonwealth status of Puerto Rico and the attempted assassination of President Truman. The commonwealth status of Puerto Rico between the 1950-1952 was with limitedRead MorePuerto Rico Statehood2998 Words   |  12 PagesPuerto Rico Statehood Composition 2 (11 am) Decmeber-02-2010 Formal Outline Topic: Puerto Rico Statehood Purpose: To encourage the US and Puerto Rican government to for more interest for Puerto Rico statehood. Thesis: As an American I feel our government needs to make more progress, and give more encouragement to Puerto Rico to become a state though education, and social learning. Introduction: Body: I Economics: A: Underemployment B: Taxes Incentives C: Effects on the economy II Political:Read MoreThe Americanization of Puerto Rico1056 Words   |  5 Pageson invading Puerto Rico and driving out Spains rulers, Puerto Ricans welcomed the North Americans to their home. (To view an in-progress work dealing with the Spanish-American War from a pro-colonial expansion point of view, visit this site/ For an objective historical account view this site). The Puerto Ricans were tired of not having a voice in politics and government and with the knowledge that America was a democracy, there was hope that this status quo would change. Although Puerto Ricans feltRead MoreThe Issue Of Puerto Rico1542 Words   |  7 PagesPuerto Rico is a territory of the United States since 1898 and in order to change that status citizens of the territory must vote in a plebiscite, a special referendum. The three options available to choose from were to become a state, to remain a territory, or to become an independent nation (Martin). In the November 6, 2012 plebiscite held in Puert o Rico, 54% of the population said that do not like the current commonwealth status of the island (Alexandrino). The next question offered to the populationRead MorePuerto Rico And Its Effects Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesPuerto Rico is spanish for rich port. It’s history, landscapes, food, and climate make it a world class destination for tourist. Puerto Rico is a caribbean island with landscapes of mountains, waterfalls and the El Yunque tropical rainforest. It is one of the most densely populated islands in the world. Puerto Rico is 3,515 square miles which is three time the size of Rhode Island. The population of the island is 3,474,182 making it one of the most densely populated islands in the world. With aRead MoreThe World Of Puerto Rico Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pages Boriqua! is a commonly used term among the people of Puerto Rico when referring to themselves or their country. Puerto Rico, formerly known as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a U.S. Territory. It is a small island, only 100 miles long and 35 miles wide, located in the Caribbean Ocean. It is about 1,000 miles off the tip of Florida in between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands. The climate is tropical and mild with little variation in the seasonal temperature. The country is composedRead MoreThe Country Of Puerto Rico2392 Words   |  10 Pages Larry W Dumas Jr Dr. Wilbert Karigomba World Geography 24 June 2015 Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is an island that is impacted by not having enough land for cultivation. The Three thousand four hundred and ninety-two square miles of this island is about seventy-five percent hills or mountains (Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States b). With the large amount of land consisting of hill or mountains, Puerto Rico has limited amounts of natural resources. While under Spanish colonial rule, the island was largelyRead MoreThe Politics Of Puerto Rico Essay1993 Words   |  8 PagesThe politics of Puerto Rico takes place in the framework of a republican democratic form of government that is under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States as an organized unincorporated territory. As a republican form of government, the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial, as established by the Constitution of Puerto Rico. The executive power is exercised by the executive branch, which is headed by the Governor

Child Health for Infant Mortality Rates-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theChild Health for Infant Mortality Rates. Answer: Introduction The right good health is a basic right that each and every individual has a right to, however children can be considered as the future of our society; hence the health status of the children must receive extra attention as a public health priority. Unfortunately, the health status of the children is the neglected alarmingly all over the world and this instrumental negligence has contributed alarmingly to the rapidly deteriorating health conditions of the children all over the world. It has to be understood that there have been a steady decrease in the health status of the children, and the statistics are even more alarming for Australia (Victora et al. 2012). Considering the statistical data from the past three to four years, the child mortality rates have decreased significantly from the past decade, however still, almost 70% of the total rate in the present can be contributed by the number of infant mortality rates. The total number of infant deaths in Australia had been 1012, and this ghastly status of current neonatal health status for Australia is one of the major public health concerns (Brinkman et al. 2012). However it has to be mentioned that the child death rate on an overall scale has decreased from 8.8% to 3.4% per 1000 live births, which is an appreciable effort over all. However it can not be denied that there is a significant room for more improvements and in order attain optimal health status for children a robust health improvement strategy will be required. This report will attempt to explore the health development goals and objectives for better child health status and evaluate the current status of child health in the h opes of gaining a better understanding of the escalating issue taking the example of Australia. Relevant MDGs and SDGs It has to be understood in this context that the child health status is nowhere near the requirement or primary outcome; there are many a restrictions or barriers which needs to be overcome in order to obtain the optimal health status for the children. Now there have been many a initiatives taken by both the global and national authorities to ensure improvements in the health of the public and progress in the health care industry as a whole (Wang and Lim 2012). One such global initiative or health improvements are the millennium developmental goals. Millennium developmental goals can be defined as the eight international developmental goals established by the United Nations, and out of those eight goals, number 4 and number 5 relate to the present health conditions of the children. Goal number four is to reduce the child mortality and goal number five is to improve maternal, and both the4se goals contribute directly or indirectly towards the health status of the children (Taylor et a l. 2015). Similar to MDGs, sustainable developmental goals are the set of global developmental goals developed by the United Nations as a follow up of the much broader millennium developmental goals. The list of sustainable developmental goals contains 17 separate goals that cater to the various developmental needs and requirements prevalent in the 193 member states of the United Nations. Among the different goals that has been set, goal three discusses the need for good health and wellbeing for all. For this goal to be met optimally for Australia, the nation is in dire need of emphasizing actions and initiatives for improving their child health status (Taylor et al. 2015). Key determinants There are various barriers to optimal child health all over the world, be it societal, environmental or economic, and the conditions in Australia is no exception to this phenomenon. According to the most of the authors, there is a distinct socio-cultural pattern of dominance on health and development and the socio-cultural factors, coupled with environmental restrictions are the key determinants of child health in Australia (Badland et al. 2014). Among the socio-cultural determinants, the advantages or discrepancies faced throughout their life contributes largely to the health status of different groups of children, and this gradient of societal privilege is mostly dependent upon the socio-economic status of the individual. The level of health literacy in the parental groups is also a key indicator of the health status of the children. According to a recent analysis of WHO, the parental and postnatal experience of the children contribute largely to the health status that they develop eventually. Lastly, the lifestyle or living conditions and nutritional status of the children also is a key indicator of the health condition they have all throughout their life (Riggs et al. 2012). National international literature According to the report of Fotso and Fogarty (2015), Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been able to play a major role in focusing the Global attention of child development care in all parts of Australia. One of the major causes of the success is due to the fact that all the goals were set based upon the time bound scale. This was possible mainly due to the achievement alongside with sustainable development goals (SDGs). The child has been one of the major concerns in the goals of MDGs and SDGs. In case of Australia, the goal has been able to implemented depending upon the social and economic status of child health. Being one of the developments in the globe, it is easily possible to implement sustainable development in case related to personal development of the child and various aspect of the health. Requejo et al. (2015), have argued that one of the major challenges that have been faced in the method related to sustainable development of child health is to provide sustainable energy for the healthcare department. It is relevant to mention in this context that use of technology is one of the major aspects of child care health in Australia. The Millennium development goals have been able to deal with major severe child diseases that include genetic disorders. In terms of the Global, aspect the major achievement of MDGs and SDGs is in the context of eradication of a poverty that has helped to deal with one of the biggest challenge of child health care. According to the report of Requejo et al. (2015), one of the major achievement of MDGs is that the cases related to child mortality rate in Australia have been decreased to more than 50% in the last 10 years. It is also possible to collect in a funding from the government organization about improvement of child development care. This also relevant to mention that MDGs and SDGs have focused on maternal development care, which is believed to be one of the primary cause to have better health of newborn child. Arguments It is also possible to develop better monitoring system of the child health, which is responsible for improved level of Diagnosis. One of the major components of the millennium development is to track the condition of health in a child right after the moment of birth. The component of the goal has been successfully able to employ special child care experts in every Maternity work of Health Care Centre. This has made it possible for actively tracking the help of a child right after the delivery (Lay-Yee et al.2015). It is also possible to implement and develop civil society, which is needed from partnership with the World Health Organization and meeting up with the guidelines of child care development. One of the major important successes of the goal in MDGs and SDGs is related with the reduction of total number of patient in HIV or AIDS and malaria (Nigatu et al. 2014). This has been one of the major health issue encountered by young aged children in Australia. The implementation of the goals of Sustainable and Millennium development it is possible to significantly reduce the number of child patient suffering from deadly diseases. It is also possible to properly track the occurrence of AIDS among the pregnant women, which will reduce the chance of spreading of HIV to the children (Smith et al. 2014). All this goals is associated with sustainable development, that is believed to be one of the major effective way ensure that all health resources are being properly utilized in providing the best Health Care guideline for children (Glenton et al. 2013) Strategies In the recent years it has been reported that the levels of child neglect from the healthcare and abuse have increased in Australia. Protection of the children is everyones responsibility and for this protection Australian government has established a national framework for protecting the children for the year 2009-2010 (Currie and Reichman 2015). This framework is committed for the implementation of the actions which will help to protect the children and take care of their health. Australian government had also introduced some vaccines that are being approved by the therapeutic goods administration (TGA). This TGA used to monitor the safety of the medicines that are being used in Australia (Leyland et al. 2016). The country has various network or the health care communities which help in the development of the child. These organizations mainly aim for the improvement of the mental and physical health of the children for achieving the greater support for children who are facing the p hysical as well as the psychological problems. The government of state and territory are currently implementing the protection systems for the children. The national framework is used to deliver an integrated response without changing the responsibilities of the government. This framework also recognizes the existing efforts and the reform s that are being undertaken by the government of Australia for the protection of the children and supporting the families. The outcomes of this framework help to focus on the efforts of the framework and the actions provided by them under the rules of the government for reaching to the outcome of high level (Coyne, Hallstrm and Sderbck 2016). The Australian government offers some services for the vulnerable individuals also where the children can get help for mental health, misuse of the substances and reduction of the health risks. The National and international research shows that the families are having the strengths that will help in keeping the children safe, also to provide advice and support, to provide the proper services at the time of need so that the child can improve their personal behaviour and reduce the negative impacts (Makaroff et al. 2014). Conclusion Thus it can be conclude that the health status of the children must receive extra attention as a public health priority. There have been a steady decrease in the health status of the children, and the statistics are even more alarming for Australia. Millennium developmental goals can be defined as the eight international developmental goals established by the United Nations, and out of those eight goals, number 4 and number 5 relate to the present health conditions of the children. Similar to MDGs, sustainable developmental goals are the set of global developmental goals developed by the United Nations as a follow up of the much broader millennium developmental goals. The key determinants of the child health care are health and development and the socio-cultural factors, level of health literacy in the parental groups, the lifestyle or living conditions and nutritional status of the children also is a key indicator of the health. One of the major components of the millennium developm ent is to track the condition of health in a child right after the moment of birth. The country has various network or the health care communities which help in the development of the child. The outcomes of this framework help to focus on the efforts of the framework and the actions provided by them under the rules of the government for reaching to the outcome of high level. References: Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., Hes, D. and Giles-Corti, B., 2014. Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health.Social science medicine,111, pp.64-73. Brinkman, S.A., Gialamas, A., Rahman, A., Mittinty, M.N., Gregory, T.A., Silburn, S., Goldfeld, S., Zubrick, S.R., Carr, V., Janus, M. and Hertzman, C., 2012. Jurisdictional, socioeconomic and gender inequalities in child health and development: analysis of a national census of 5-year-olds in Australia. BMJ open, 2(5), p.e001075. Coyne, I., Hallstrm, I. and Sderbck, M., 2016. Reframing the focus from a family-centred to a child-centred care approach for childrens healthcare.Journal of Child Health Care,20(4), pp.494-502. Currie, J. and Reichman, N., 2015. Policies to promote child health: introducing the issue.The Future of Children,25(1), pp.3-9. Fotso, J.C. and Fogarty, L., 2015. Progress towards Millennium Development Goals 4 5: strengthening human resources for maternal, newborn and child health. BMC health services research, 15(1), p.S1. Glenton, C., Colvin, C.J., Carlsen, B., Swartz, A., Lewin, S., Noyes, J. and Rashidian, A., 2013. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of lay health worker programmes to improve access to maternal and child health: qualitative evidence synthesis.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,10(10). Lay-Yee, R., Milne, B., Davis, P., Pearson, J. and McLay, J., 2015. Determinants and disparities: a simulation approach to the case of child health care.Social Science Medicine,128, pp.202-211. Leyland, A.F., Pickett, K.E., Barber, S., McEachan, R. and Wright, J., 2016. Teacher-reported prevalence and management of child health problems at primary school.Journal of Child Health Care,20(2), pp.243-251. Makaroff, L.A., Xierali, I.M., Petterson, S.M., Shipman, S.A., Puffer, J.C. and Bazemore, A.W., 2014. Factors influencing family physicians contribution to the child health care workforce.The Annals of Family Medicine,12(5), pp.427-431. Nigatu, D., Gebremariam, A., Abera, M., Setegn, T. and Deribe, K., 2014. Factors associated with womens autonomy regarding maternal and child health care utilization in Bale Zone: a community based cross-sectional study.BMC women's health,14(1), p.79. Requejo, J.H., Bryce, J., Barros, A.J., Berman, P., Bhutta, Z., Chopra, M., Daelmans, B., De Francisco, A., Lawn, J., Maliqi, B. and Mason, E., 2015. Countdown to 2015 and beyond: fulfilling the health agenda for women and children. The Lancet, 385(9966), pp.466-476. Riggs, E., Davis, E., Gibbs, L., Block, K., Szwarc, J., Casey, S., Duell-Piening, P. and Waters, E., 2012. Accessing maternal and child health services in Melbourne, Australia: reflections from refugee families and service providers.BMC Health Services Research,12(1), p.117. Smith, A.C., Mutangiri, W., Fox, R. and Crofts, J.F., 2014. Millennium Development Goal 4: reducing perinatal and neonatal mortality in low?resource settings. The Obstetrician Gynaecologist, 16(1), pp.1-5. Taylor, S., Williams, B., Magnus, D., Goenka, A. and Modi, N., 2015. From MDG to SDG: good news for global child health?.Lancet (London, England),386(10000), p.1213. Victora, C.G., Barros, A.J., Axelson, H., Bhutta, Z.A., Chopra, M., Frana, G.V., Kerber, K., Kirkwood, B.R., Newby, H., Ronsmans, C. and Boerma, J.T., 2012. How changes in coverage affect equity in maternal and child health interventions in 35 Countdown to 2015 countries: an analysis of national surveys. The Lancet, 380(9848), pp.1149-1156. Wang, Y. and Lim, H., 2012. The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio-economic status and childhood obesity.

International Political Economy

Introduction In the last two to three decades, the world has experienced unprecedented economic growth in all spheres of economy. Despite such encouraging progress in the economy, the gap between the poor and rich people has widened. The rich are getting richer as the poor get poorer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Political Economy – World Systems Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further, the world has moved to a more integrated and globalised economy where there is interrelatedness between nations of the world. Although such globalisation might ideally mean more prosperity for nations based on their increased accessibility and market interaction levels, it has instead acted to increase economic inequalities among societies and nations. In addition, at the global political stage, the powerful countries have amassed more power. Periphery countries are becoming less influential in th e political and economic realms. While trying to explain the growing disparities in wealth and power in the global political economy, different scholars have advanced different theories. Of the many theories and approaches, Immanuel Wallerstein’s world-systems analysis has been credited for its detailed analysis of the functioning of the world economy1. The theory incorporates different arguments from the existing knowledge in sociology, political science, and economics. However, it significantly shifts from the existing theories of economic development that focus on the nations as independent units that can traverse their own paths towards civilisation and modernity. This paper will analyse whether the world systems analysis has been able to explain successfully the wealth and power inequalities in the world. Further, it will discuss various criticisms that have been put forward against the approach.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More World-Systems Analysis According to Makki, the world-system analysis, which is also referred to as world-system hypothesis, is a modern macro-sociological viewpoint that regards the changes of capitalism and world economy as a ‘total collective system’2. The theory draws from the tenets of historical sociology and economic history. It is also linked to Immanuel Wallerstein who is credited for building its credibility. According to Jones, developmental theorists have adopted the theory for its synthesis of developmental and unequal opportunities across the world. 3. Although the theory’s views on capitalism and the global economy differ from those expressed by Marx and Weber, these two theorists have offered a great inspiration to the theory. The main agenda of the theory is that the world as a whole plays an important role in determining the economic and social dynamics between and among natio ns. In other words, the theory emphasises the world-system as the main unit of social analysis. The theory is a shift from Marxist approaches that viewed the nation as the main unit of analysis in the global political economy. By world-system, the theory indicates the inter-regional and transnational divisions of labour that divide the world between the rich and the poor, and the powerful and the weak as Macedo and Gounari confirm4. Accordingly, Wallerstein views the world-system as a social system with no boundaries, structures, coherence, or rules of legitimating but rather a body that comprises conflicting forces that hold it together or threaten to tear it apart as each group tries to remould it to its advantage. Further, as an organism, the world-system has a life span. It changes over time while other characteristics remain constant. According to Harvey, its life is not only largely self-contained, but also has some internal developmental changes5.Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on International Political Economy – World Systems Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the world classification, nations are joined together through market financial system rather than through affairs of the state. In this incorporation of nations, the relationship is based on the exchange of goods and products that characterise a market financial system. According to O’Brien and Williams, although there is competition among polities to dominate the system, none lasts forever6. As a shift from the thinking of the 19th century with reference to society, politics, and economy, the world-system analysis criticises Marxist and other theories of economic development and approaches to modernisation. For instance, it criticises the modernisation theory for its focus on the state as the only unit of analysis. It claims the existence of one path through which all nations experience economic develo pment. It disregards the transnational structure that hinders local and national economic development. World-system analysis is a shift from the modernisation hypothesis, which holds that nations follow a given course and stages of development from pre-modern to modern states and that nations are accountable for their individual growth. Through small assistance to its internal strictures of economy, Wallerstein asserts that any nation can become modern just like other developed countries have7. As such, capitalism is an inevitable outcome of the previous failures of structures of economy such as feudalism since nations have progressed in their path to modernity.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, world-system theorists disapprove this notion on capitalism. They view it as a deliberate move through which Europe came to dominate the world economy to create inequalities8. While explaining the inequalities in wealth and power, the world-system analysis views the world economy as having divisions based on the kind of labour each country or region offers and/or contributes to the system and market economy9. The theory regards the world economy as a body that comprises three groups of countries, that is, the core countries, semi-periphery, and the periphery countries. Core nations concentrate on capital–demanding and proficient work production as opposed to a wanting toil or raw-material assembly that is characteristic of semi-periphery and marginalised nations10. By focusing on proficient production, the mainstay nations govern the sidelined or marginalised nations. However, changes in the system mean that countries may lose or gain more on their status. In this ca se, Clark says that periphery countries may upgrade to semi-periphery and further to core countries11. At different periods, some nations may raise to hegemonic status in the system. For example, hegemonic status has passed from Netherlands to the Great Britain and then to the United States of America. World-System Analysis’ Approach to Power and Wealth Inequality As previously explained, the world-system analysis tries to explain the inequalities in the world by viewing the world economy as a single unit where division of labour among its members contributes immensely to inequalities in power and wealth. In this case, the countries that fall under the core category dominate the world economy since they control the means of production while the peripheral ones control labour. Tracing the history of the world’s economy from the start of capitalism, O’Brien and Williams see a trend where the world is constantly in a core/periphery economic relationship that began with Europe12. In this case, Gareau reveals that countries that controlled production were always more prosperous at the expense of those that supplied labour13. For more than 5 centuries, many European countries have been in the core countries category while the others such as African, Asian, and South American countries, which have historically provided labour for European nations, remain at the periphery14. According to Harvey, the most important structure of the present-day world system is what he refers to as power hierarchy between core countries and the peripheral ones. In this affiliation, powerful countries govern and take advantage of the underprivileged ones. Their driving force is to use unrefined ways of getting hold of the weak countries’ wealth. According to Goldfrank, in this equation, technology plays an important role in determining the category where each county falls15. The countries that have advanced technology such as the United States, Britain, Japan, and Germany among others form the core countries while the less technologically developed countries such as Kenya, Venezuela, and other third-world countries form the periphery. Over the years, the core nations have used their advantaged positions to amass great power both economically and socially over their disadvantaged nations as Tarrow reveals16. According to the world-system analysis, the core nations’ access to enormous financial resources by controlling the highly lucrative means of production implies that they are able to finance other core areas of their economy and standings in the global stage. For instance, looking at the hegemonic status of countries over the years, a peculiar trend emerges17. For instance, during the reign of the Great Britain in the 19th century, it controlled more than 85% of world’s industries. Further, it amassed great powers through its advanced military and superior economic status that allowed it to ‘acquire’ and colo nise many territories across the world. One of the main reasons of establishing colonies was to have a ready access of raw materials and a ready market of the finished products. In this interaction between the Great Britain as the core and its overseas territories as the periphery, it is evident that the interaction was not mutually beneficial. The Great Britain benefited more. It amassed more wealth and more power at the expense of the periphery countries18. In another case, during the reign of the US as the hegemony after the World War II, the nation accounted for more than 50% of the global finished products. The interaction between the poor and the wealth nations is characterised by unequal exchange. Unequal exchange refers to the systematic substitution of excess material possessions between sectors that lie in the peripheral category and the highly industrialised and powerful countries. The powerful homelands amass immense resources using marginal surplus. On the other hand, t he continuous deprivation of the periphery’s surplus leads to stagnated or reducing capital for those countries. The implication is that they are unable to break from the yoke of poverty to a higher economic status as a way of standing in the global arena. In the process of domination by the core nations, three key processes ensure that these countries amass power and wealth in the end. Firstly, it starts with productivity dominance where the core countries have control over technology and other means of production, which are not accessible to the periphery countries. In this case, as Macedo and Gounari confirm, with the superior technology and means of production, the countries can produce high superior products at a cheaper cost, thus tilting trade to their advantage19. As long as the periphery countries do not have access to such technology due to many factors, including capital resources, the core countries achieve dominance whereas the peripheral ones feed the core count ries’ productivity with cheap raw materials in exchange of expensive finished products20. The core countries’ act of accumulating more productivity powers leads to the second process of gaining power and wealth, which is trade dominance. According to Moore, since the cost of production is cheaper and hence able to benefit more from international trade, core countries easily dominate the trade21. The core nations control trade by selling, as opposed to purchasing, more of their products to other states22. Consequently, there is a favourable balance of trade for the core nations. With trade dominance, more money comes relative to the amount that goes out, thus resulting in economic supremacy. For instance, the US and European countries get a large percentage of the global monetary possessions. With strong financial resources, the core nations are able to invest more in activities such as education, economic diversification, healthcare, poverty elimination programmes, res earch and development, and military among other activities that ensure that they strengthen their dominant position in the world system. On the other hand, as Harvey says, the peripheral countries are characterised by underdeveloped technologies, less industrialisation, large populations of poor people, and high levels of illiteracy23. In addition, the peripheral nations are greatly influenced by the core nations through their multinational corporations. In many instances, they have to adhere to the economic policies of the former, although such policies are obviously skewed to the advantage of the rich ones as Firebaugh confirms24. Due to their focus on few financial means that involve the processing and selling of materials, marginalised states enjoy less fiscal diversity as compared to the major countries25. Further, there is a high availability of cheap and unskilled labour, which is exploited by the core nations through their multinational corporations. Since the peripheral cou ntries struggle to meet the needs of the people who have little financial resources, no surplus has been availed to invest in high-technology production activities that are done by the core nations. Further, due to the basic nature of the technology that is available for these nations, the high cost of production makes it difficult for them to industrialise. Consequently, such nations are locked in a vicious cycle where they are unable to expand beyond their focus on production of raw materials to feed the ever-expanding production capacities of the core nations. Therefore, with all the odds against the periphery countries, McCarthy asserts that it is difficult for the poor nations to prosper in the highly skewed world system that benefits the rich while exploiting the poor26. In many ways, the world-system analysis presents the bitter reality of globalisation where issues such as free trade and elimination of previous barriers of trade are advantageous for the prosperity of the â⠂¬Ëœworld-economy.’ However, upon further analysis, world-economy is a tool that is supported by the core nations as long as it benefits their interests in the world-system. It is evident that the notion that globalisation is beneficial to all countries is not valid in all its assertions as it has led to the increase of the difference between the underprivileged peripheral countries and the well-off major ones. In this case, globalisation has provided an opportunity for the rich to exploit the poor countries in an arrangement that benefits the former while disadvantaging the latter. Hence, the world-system analytical approach provides a detailed and a convincing explanation of the present-day power and wealth inequalities in the world. Criticisms of World-System Analysis Like any other theory, the world-system analysis has received a lot of criticism from different theorists and economic experts who are not satisfied with its main assertions. The first criticism is that unlik e other social theories that explain the economy and inequality in the society, world-system theory focuses on the economy and less on other important issues such as culture27. While this criticism is strong, it does not lead to a disregard of key concepts other than the world-system analysis. However, there is a need to find a way through which culture can be incorporated into the theory to make it more reflective of the social dynamics of the world economy, power, and inequalities28. Further, the theory is criticised for being overly core-centric. In this case, the critiques such as Gregory assert that Wallerstein concentrates on explaining why and how the core nations have amassed wealth29. At the end, he does not focus on the plight of the peripheral nations. Further, he does not offer elaborate solutions of how such inequalities and power can be eliminated30. However, this claim is not a valid argument since his reference to a ‘system’ is an indication of the fact that perfection can never be achieved. The theory compensates for this argument by pointing out that just like a system, the various changes that occur with time change the balance where the periphery and semi-peripheral countries change their status up and/or down the classification. Another valid argument by Hall is that by focusing on the world market and economy, the theory makes a great supposition by assuming the local class struggles and class divisions that play an important part in one way or another in the state and global economy31. Conclusion The world-system analysis satisfactorily explains the main causes of disparities in wealth and power in the global political economy. The theory views the world as a unitary system that is divided into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations as dictated by divisions of labour between them. The core countries dominate the economy of the system through their focus on production of high-end finished products and high-skilled labo ur while others focus on low-skilled labour and production of raw materials. Accordingly, due to these differences between nations in the system, core countries exploit the poor nations for their raw materials, which create surplus in productivity. In this way, the key countries dictate business and monetary wealth at the disadvantage of the marginalised states that remain underprivileged. However, the theory has been criticised for its focus on the economy at the expense of other important factors such as culture and class struggles within individual nations. Further, it has been criticised for its focus on core nations whilst showing less attention to the peripheral nations. As such, a room has been left for expansion of the theory to address valid criticisms that have been advanced by its critics. Overall, the theory has been able to capture and explain the ‘politics’ of the global economy and the inequalities of power and wealth. Bibliography Clark, Rob. â€Å"Worl d Incoome Inequality in the Global Era: New Estimates 1990-2008.† Social Problems 58, no. 1 (2011): 565-592. Drainville, Andre. â€Å"Resistance too globalisation: The view from the periphery of the world economy.† International Social Science Journal 59, no. 2 (2008): 235-246. Firebaugh, Glenn. New Geographies of World Income Inequality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. Gareau, Brian J. â€Å"Theorising Environmental Governance of the World-System.† American Sociological Association 18, no. 2 (2012): 187-210. Goldfrank, Walter. â€Å"Paradigm Regained? The Rules of Wallerstein’s World-System Method.† Journal of World-Systems Research 6, no. 2 (2000): 150-195. Gregory, Robert J. â€Å"What is World Systems All About? An Introduction for Human Ecologists.† Journal of Human Ecology 16, no. 3 (2004): 193-196. Hall, Thomas. A World-Systems Reader: New Perspectives on Gender, Urbanism, Culture, Indigenous People and Ecology. Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000. Harvey, David. A Brief Introduction to Neoliberalism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005. Jones, Bary R.J. â€Å"Globalisation and change in the Iiternational political economy.† International Affairs 75, no. 2 (1999): 357-367. Macedo, Donaldo, and Panayota Gounari. Globalisation and the unleashing of new racism: an introduction. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2006. Makki, Fouad. â€Å"The Empire of Capital and the Remaking of Centre Periphery Relations.† Third World Quarterly 25, no. 1 (2005): 149-168. McCarthy, James. â€Å"The Financial Crisis and Environmental Governance ‘After’ Neoliberalism.† Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 103, no. 2 (2012): 180-195. Moore, Jason. â€Å"Nature and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism.† The Journal of Fernard Braudel Centre XXVI, no. II (2003): 97-172. O’Brien, Robert, and Marc Williams. Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics. 4th. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Tarrow, Sydney. â€Å"Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics.† Annual Review of Political Science 4, no. 1 (2001): 1-20. Wallerstein, Immanuel. â€Å"The West, Capitalism and the Modern World-System.† Review 15, no. 4 (1992): 561-619. Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Modern World-System I. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003. Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Uncertainties of Knowledge. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004. Footnotes 1 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Uncertainties of Knowledge (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004), 8. 2 Fouad Makki, â€Å"The Empire of Capital and the Remaking of Centre Periphery Relations,† Third World Quarterly 25, no. 1 (2005): 149. 3 Bary Jones,†Globalisation and change in the Iiternational political economy,† International Affairs 75, no. 2 (1999): 357. 4 Donaldo Macedo and Panayota Gounari, Globalisation and the unleashing of new racism: an introduction (Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2006), 23. 5 David Harvey, A Brief Introduction to Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, 23. 6 Robert O’Brien and Marc Williams, Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 68. 7 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003), 307. 8 Andre Drainville, â€Å"Resistance too globalisation: The view from the periphery of the world economy.† International Social Science Journal 59, no. 2 (2008): 235. 9 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Uncertainties of Knowledge (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004), 15. 10 Immanuel Wallerstein, â€Å"The West, Capitalism and the Modern World-System.† Review 15, no. 4 (1992): 561. 11 Rob Clark, â€Å"World Income Inequality in the Global Era: New Estimates 1990-2008.† Social Problems 58 (2011): 568. 12 O’Brien and Williams, 13. 13 Brian G areau, â€Å"Theorising Environmental Governance of the World-System.† American Sociological Association 18, no. 2 (2012): 204. 14 Andre Drainville, â€Å"Resistance to globalisation: The view from the periphery of the world economy.† International Social Science Journal 59, no. 2 (2008): 224. 15 Walter Goldfrank, â€Å"Paradigm Regained? The Rules of Wallerstein’s World-System Method.† Journal of World-Systems Research 6, no. 2 (2000): 153. 16 Sydney Tarrow, â€Å"Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics.† Annual Review of Political Science 4, no. 1 (2001): 8. 17 O’Brien and Williams, 19. 18 Fouad Makki, â€Å"The Empire of Capital and the Remaking of Centre Periphery Relations.† Third World Quarterly 25, no. 1 (2005): 158. 19 Macedo and Gounari, 22. 20 Goldfrank, 176. 21 Jason Moore, â€Å"Nature and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism,† The Journal of Fernard Braudel Centre XXVI ( 2003): 151. 22 Drainville, 237. 23 Harvey, 23. 24 Glenn Firebaugh, New Geographies of World Income Inequality (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 42. 25 O’Brien and Williams, 45. 26 James McCarthy, â€Å"The Financial Crisis and Environmental Governance ‘After’ Neoliberalism.† Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 103, no. 2 (2012): 188. 27 Makki, 158. 28 Harvey, 56. 29 Robert Gregory, â€Å"What is World Systems All About? An Introduction for Human Ecologists.† Journal of Human Ecology 16, no. 3 (2004): 194. 30 Macedo and Gounari, 13. 31 Thomas Hall, A World-Systems Reader: New Perspectives on Gender, Urbanism, Culture, Indigenous People and Ecology (Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000), 63. This essay on International Political Economy – World Systems Analysis was written and submitted by user Abr1l to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Plague Disease Myths

Plague refers to a disease spread by fleas which are infected by their hosts, in most cases rats. The fleas used to change host especially after the death of the rat, and the next host they preferred may have been human being. During that process, they infected humans.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Plague Disease Myths specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Plague was first experienced in Europe in the mid of the fourteenth century when the first wave of the infection killed about twenty five million people. The infection continued spreading throughout Europe in the eighteenth century, and at that time the cause of the bacterial infection had not been ascertained yet. Upon infection, an individual experienced severe pain, and in a few days eighty percent of the infected people succumbed to death. In one school, the plague killed twenty boys almost simultaneously. This caused other students to stay away fro m school as they opted not to attend it (Schoolmaster 1484). Considering the case in England, the plague was caused by filth in the streets and the sputum and dog’s urine which clogged the rushes on the floor of houses (Erasmus 1512). The rich in the society managed to flee from the country, and as a result, the poor were the ones who were left vulnerable to the disease. This also happened in Paris where only a few porters and wage earners who resided there were left (Versoris 1523). Johann Weyer wrote in his The Deceptions of Demons in 1583 that individuals also spread the deadly plague by smearing the gates to the city of Casale in Western Lombardy with a certain ointment that caused the disease. Thus, everyone who touched those gates was infected, and as a result died. Unfortunately, the heirs of the deceased are the ones who made payments for the gates to be smeared so that they would have obtained a quick inheritance. This was the case at Casale where it was reported tha t people got infected by simply touching the gates (Weyer 1583). Each and every household which was affected by the pestilence was immediately quarantined, and in the event of that person’s death in a specific place, the one had to be buried in that particular place. Furthermore, many people died because of hunger since the roads were under heavy guard to ensure that no infected individuals travelled from one place to another. (Staden 1571)Advertising Looking for critical writing on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gold was used to meet the expense of pest houses so as to quarantine the infected while gallows were used to punish the violators of health regulations. In addition, the gallows were also used to frighten other people, and bonfires were used to eliminate the infected (Motto 1576). A particular woman whose husband had a fever was sure he would have died, but he was miraculously healed. He was fe d by a piece of bread that had touched St. Domenica’s body. The bread was sent to him by Angelica. (Centennni 1624). An individual really thought a lot about what would have happened in the event their household would have been invaded by the plagues. It was a tough time as everyone wondered who they would lose first to the disease, the daughter first or the son. It also happened that after the son had died, the daughter followed, and eventually the individual died as well. Even in the season of severity, an individual would still have compassion and be charitable. Convalescents and servants of two pest houses were fed by a particular individual who also paid guards and gravediggers with alms sent to him/her by the lordships (Dragoni 1630). The infected patients hung toads on their neckline so that their venom would draw out the poison of the disease within a few days (Roachas 1647). In Barcelona, there was a high demand for nurses who although called to serve neglected the p atients in many instances and made them die quickly so that they could collect the agreed fee (Parets 1651). News was received that in Rome Italy it was now violent. People opted to refrain but four individuals opted to believe in providence rather than not see a fine place (Reresby 1656). People feared to buy wigs with the assumption that the wings were obtained from the heads of people who died of the plague (Pepys 1665). The European nations including France, Holland, Spain and Italy prohibited ships from England. As a consequence, foreign trade and manufacture of goods declined causing a stoppage (Defoe 1665). The plague was believed to be a punishment from the gods due to the sins of the people and remedies were not considered to be available like in the case of ordinary maladies (Bertrand 1720). The events happened from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century affected the whole of Europe (Clark Rawcliffe 2013). Many people lost their lives as a result of being infected by the plague, and in general the society became inhumane (Crawshaw 2012). People stopped caring for each other and valued money more than human life. This period was one of the darkest periods in European history, and also one of the events that later led to intensive research in medicine until a cure was discovered. Works Cited Clark, Linda Carole Rawcliffe.  Society in an Age of Plague. , 2013. Print.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Plague Disease Myths specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Crawshaw, Jane.  Plague Hospitals: Public Health for the City in Early Modern Venice. London, UK: McGraw Hill, 2012. Print. This critical writing on Plague Disease Myths was written and submitted by user Kyra T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical Thinking And Effective Writing Example

Critical Thinking And Effective Writing Example Critical Thinking And Effective Writing – Book Report/Review Example Teacher Shared value The article is a timely read particularly during the trying times of ABC Corporations. The idea of shared value brings about a wave of business innovation and growth, the kind of profit that create societal benefits and therefore more durable and long-term. This is the kind of business perspective which the company needs particularly in this trying times that it may not only allow the company to overcome its present challenges but also to prevail over them. The principle of shared value involves a â€Å"creating economic value in a way that also creates value for society by addressing its needs and challenges.† It means that we have to strike a balance between serving the needs of society and addressing the need for companies to profit. The idea of making profit must be expanded to include the welfare of other stakeholders in the value creation such as suppliers, employees and the greater public. Companies must not dwell on the narrow perspective of merel y raking in huge profits by squeezing suppliers and relying on outsourcing to push down cost and at the expense of people society. Such mindset is short term and is the culprit why people are skeptic of business organizations. This does not mean that we forgo profit. Profit is important for companies to remain viable and part of its profitability is efficiency. But instead of making a trade-off between making a profit and serving society, companies should instead create societal value by â€Å"reconceiving products and markets, redefining productivity in the value chain, and building supportive industry clusters at the company’s locations†. This only meant a new thinking about business of looking new ways to operate it that strikes synergy and enhances productivity or in short, to become innovative and creative allowing business to make profit with higher social purpose. Work Cited"Creating Shared Value." Harvard Business Review. January 1, 2011. Accessed February 15, 2015. https://hbr.org/2011/01/the-big-idea-creating-shared-value.

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Philosophy - Essay Example This kind of explanation was and is still lacking in the traditional medication though they are recognized to some extent in the contemporary medication. Generally, medication would be considered to be scientifically relevant. In science, there are three principles that must be fulfilled by any happening considered to be in it domain, the principle of obeying natural laws, that is the law of gravity, replication, and falsifiability (Ellis, 127). In simpler terms science dictates that it has no preference and do not behave differently in any place and when performed by anybody. This concept is clearly manifested in the way vaccines are used. Whether a vaccine is used in Kenya or in Canada for example, it will have the same effect on the individuals that have used it. That explains why vaccines have been used to get rid of disease like measles and small pox all over the world. There operation can be fathomed both in common science and in the scientific perspective. In the interest of u nderstanding science both in fact and common sense, it is prudent that we unravel the following; Before a vaccine is made and licensed to be used publicly in the mitigation of a disease spread, it has to pass through a definite scientific sequence. From the initial proposed project, evaluation of the efficacy and feasibility, cost, animal trial, human clinical trial which is the last stage before licensing after having proven effective. This chronology justifies and attempts to answer all the possible questions that can be asked about vaccines. In addition to this, vaccines are not compound in nature, they are rather specific and do take care of only one infection. This is justified scientifically because every disease causing pathogen referred to as antigen do have specific vaccine target points known as paratopes (Lefebvre, 222). These antigenic points have different orientation in every antigens and it explains why vaccines are specific in nature. The same applies to the drugs, w hich target specific physiological repair to render normalcy. The kind of justification made above is conspicuously lacking in homeopathy, which is considered as a form of medication. Thesis statement Human physiological processes are identical and once subjected to any external treatment will behave more or less the same. There are no selective behavioral tendencies that can be exhibited by different individual subjected to same treatment based on the cultural or social orientation. In this regard, all substances that are used in the body to reverse a physiological departure expressly owes us the responsibility of unequivocally accounting for the logics behind the proposed effect, otherwise it will be a matter of taking jokes too far. In pursuit of the above statement, I refuse to believe in the efficacy of homeopathy as a way of medication. The justification is stated below. The concept of Homeopathy In the 18th century, Samuel Hahnemann discovered homeopathy. Its concert then and now remain absolutely the same, it proposes that if a substance is able to cause symptoms when occurs in large doses, the diluted concentration of the same substance do reverse the occurrence of the symptoms. A classical example is; when large dose of mycobacterium tuberculosis is

Lack of Parental and Primary Care Control in Pediatric Asthma Essay

Lack of Parental and Primary Care Control in Pediatric Asthma - Essay Example Indoor as well as outdoor air quality consists of agents such as tobacco smoke, dust mites and cockroaches, which are responsible for asthma exacerbations (Platts-Mills, 1999). Children have narrow airways and rapid respiration rates. This puts them at an increased risk of asthma as compared to adults. The disease is much more widespread then it is believed to be. About 5.3 million children in America suffer from asthma (Adams, 1998). There are many advancements in asthma research and availability of medicine, yet morbidity and treatment costs are still extremely high (Fairfield, 2010). The high treatment costs can lead to a lack of proper parental care. The lack of health insurance in some families has also been shown to present an issue with lack of primary care control for pediatric asthma. Asthma can be properly controled if parents and primary physicians work together to properly plan and care for the affected child. Through, literature review, news articles, and treatment optio ns lack of proper pediatric asthma care will be shown, as well as, how proper care can ensure a lower asthma incidence in the child and lower morbidity. Literature Review Recent studies have indicated that most of the asthmatic children are notable to achieve the optimal level of asthma control that can be obtained (Szefler, 2005). The difficulty with the treatment of asthma and the prevention of its exacerbation has been the widely different perceptions of what is meant by asthma control. Primary care and the ambulatory settings have been identified as the most efficient and effective level of care in order to prevent the exacerbation of asthma. A necessary component of asthma care includes the mitigation of the triggers-both indoor and outdoor that has been associated with the exacerbation of asthma. There has been evidence found through research that there is a direct relation between the socio-economic status of an individual and the exposure he faces to the various risk factors. Children who are staying in poor households and belonging to lower economic strata are more likely to suffer exposure to triggers responsible for asthma, as well as suffe r from improper parental and even physician care. No detailed study has been available in the literature review which specifically deals only with the different aspects associated with the treatment of asthma. Most studies that have been associated with asthma deal with the triggers that have been responsible for exacerbations of asthma (Andrew Harver, 2008). A research paper conducted by L.Kay Barthlomew and other does talk in detail about the benefits of inhaled corticosteroids and their effectiveness (2006). News Articles The Chicago Sun Times reported that a family is suing three hospitals due to the death of their seven year old child as a result of improper asthma care (Korecki, 2011). The mother stated that no one explained anything regarding her son’s treatment just that they had to transfer to another hospital. The second hospital made the mother and son transfer again to a hospital thirty minutes away. Unfortunately before the boy reached the third hospital he died in the ambulance. The mother indicated she knew the routine they would have to sit in the hospital while her boy was treated and once given the treatment he would be fine. They were prepared to wait at the hospital as they had before. The boy was treated at home with an inhaler, but this treatment option did not always help resolve the more severe attacks. According to Perry, Texas it is one of the worst states and

Meat packing industry Essay Example for Free

Meat packing industry Essay Introduction America’s fast food industry was founded by self made man who took risk, worked hard, some not even going to collage. Today the industry relies on a low-paid and unskilled workforce, where a handful are able to rise up the corporate ladder, while the vast majority lack fulltime employment, receive no benefits, and end up quitting after a few months. The fast food industry prospered over the last 30 years because minimum wage was lowered, marking was directed at children, federal agencies meant to protect workers and consumers ended up working for the companies, and corporations worked with congress to oppose laws that didn’t help them. The â€Å"American world view† is embodied in fast food because it takes advantage of those who don’t know any better. Chapter 1 The element of car based restaurants like the ones started in Southern California encouraged the spread of fast food because they had good food, became successful, and were very popular among young people. Chapter 2 Disney and Kroc were similar because they both used science to sell their products, made up famous mascots to sell products and both focused selling to kids. They were different because Disney founded his company, and Kroc bought his, they sold different products, and Kroc wasn’t involved in politics, while Disney was. Their companies cooperated when McDonald’s agreed to sell Disney toys and Disney agreed to allow McDonald’s in Disneyland. The fast food industry started with billboard ads to attract kids and evolved to adverting every where, from TV, to the internet, to school hallways. They also make the restaurants themselves fun for kids with play places and selling toys so they want to go more, and even as adults bring their own kids. Personally, I don’t think it is ethical to advertise in schools because it fast food is unhealthy and kids should be learning that, not that the burgers at McDonald’s get and A in taste. Chapter 3 Most employees of fast food restaurants ate teenagers because most are willing to work long hours with little pay. Fast food corporations relentlessly stop their workers from unionizing by doing things like integrating workers with information about a possible union with lie detectors, or closing locations with unions and opening new locations near by. Working conditions at fast food restaurants are unsafe. Typical dangers the employees face ate slips, fall, cuts, burns, and robberies. Problems are dealt with by increasing security with cameras or more parking lot lights. If I worked at a fast food restaurant and I injured my self, I might not tell my manager because I could loose my job because they could blame me for the injury. Chapter 4 The advantages of starting your own business is if it is successful, you could get a lot of money, not to mention you are your own boss so no one besides the government tells you how to run your business. The disadvantages are the business could be unsuccessful and you could loose a lot of money. The advantages of working for someone else are you do not have to make too many tough decisions. The disadvantages are you will not make as much money as your boss, and you may not like your boss for whatever reason. Some legal issues that fast food franchises have been involved in are the Coble’s Bill which makes franchises obey the principles other companies follow. The Subway fast food franchise was involved in the SBA which helps restaurants by giving them government funds. Subway got involved and made it so they would get extra money. Chapter 5 Family farms are disappearing because industry farms take all the business and close family farms because they have no one to sell to. there are only a few small potato farms left because industries take up all the land and business. The take-over of agricultural farms effects communities because local farms go out of business and communities become dependent on the corporate farm. Chapter 6 Development and fast food farms take land and effects cattle pastures because there is less land for the cattle to graze. Since most cowboys and ranchers have gone out of business, they have become irreverent in today’s culture. The government set up the Sherman Antitrust Act and a congressional investigation in the meet packing industry to help ranchers. Later, the Reagan administration allowed the top four meat packing firms to merge and they took over the cattle markets. Corporate domination affected family farms by forcing them to work for them or go out of business. Self-reliance is still a viable goal for Americans, but has become very difficult because of big corporations. The fast food industry makes chicken farmers work for them or they would get no business. In farm culture, the land is a tangible connection to the past, meant to be handed down and not sold. To native Americans, the land meant life and prosperity. In traditional Irish culture, the land is a link to past generations and to loose the land meant to fail your relatives. Their concept of land is similar to the American concept. Chapter 7 The demands of the fast food industry changed towns by making is so almost everyone ends up eating fast food because the industries are aloud to put their restaurants wherever they want and advertise as much as they want until the town’s economy runs on the fast food restaurants. Chapter 8 Meatpacking is dangerous because of the machines and rarely cleaned cutting tools. Since a meatpacking manager’s bonus is based in part on injury rate, many injuries go unreported and the worker is either given an easer job to takes time off to recover. Chapter 9 The meat packing and meat processing industry has been a spreader of disease because the animals are not screened well enough or sick workers spreading disease on the animals. After reading about the pathogens in hamburger meat, I am concerned about food poisoning in fast food. E. coli is not common in restaurant food, but is likely to be in hamburger meat. Chapter 10 Many Americans are obese because of lack of information and improper food laws. Fast food probably plays a big part in obesity because it provides unhealthy food to almost every where. Americans are probably more obese than other countries because fast food started here. Fast food companies increase the size of their meals to effect the calorie count look better for the per serving part. This effects American health because it is misguiding and you eat more than you thought you were going to. People in other countries do not want fast food because they have seen its effect on America. Epilogue The free market Schosser talks about leaves workers unprotected with little interference from the government. In the quote, Schosser is referring to the free market. I agree to what Schlosser says on 216. I believe the government needs to work harder to protect both the workers and consumers of fast food. At the end of the Epilogue, the author remedies his criticisms with the fact that it is a persons choice to eat want. Afterword Mad Cow disease is a disease that slowly destroys the brain and can be spread through hamburger meat. It can be controlled by feeding cows grass instead of corn and hormones, and inspecting the meat better. Cattle get infected by it because they stand in the dung of an effected cattle. It is a very serous threat to humans.

Biological Importance Of Water And Lipids

Biological Importance Of Water And Lipids Water is arguably the most essential building block of life; it is the most abundant molecule in cells, whole organisms, and on Earth. Every single organism contains water, typically forming 70 95% of the mass of a cell; a typical human being is compromised of 60% water. Without water, life cannot exist. Water also provides an environment for the organisms that need it to live, as three quarters of the Earth are covered in water. Water is an excellent solvent in general, including polar molecules (eg. glycerol and sugars) and ions. This is because the water molecules are attracted to, collect around, and separate/dissociate the atoms from each other (as the forces of attraction between the negatively charged part of the water molecule and positively charged sodium cation is greater than the forces of attraction between the sodium and chloride ions). Once a chemical is free in its solution, it is then free to roam about and react with other chemicals most processes in organisms are done via this way in solution. In stark contrast, non-polar molecules such as lipids are insoluble in water; when surrounded by water, they tend to be pushed together, as the water molecules become attracted to each other. This is extremely important in reactions such as hydrophobic interactions in protein structure (reactions where atoms dissociate from each other) and in membrane structure, as it increases the stability of these structures. Some molecules have strong intramolecular forces, and do not dissociate in water; however, some do have charged regions on their surface, which result in attracting a layer of water around the molecules. These regions attract water molecules, which are surrounding and are weakly bound to the molecule and cannot move away from its surface this is known as a colloidal suspension. This helps create a concentration gradient for the process of osmosis, as it would for example, assist in drawing water into the blood vessels. Because water is such an effective solvent, it can transport essential substances necessary for the functioning of cells/whole organisms eg. glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins, respiratory gases etc. Similarly, metabolic reactions (catalysed by enzymes) occur in solution. So, the charged nature of a water molecule means it can act as a solvent, an essential property to living organisms. Water is the transport medium in the blood, in the lymphatic, excretory and digestive systems of animals, and in the vascular tissues of plants. When minerals are absorbed by plants from the soil across root hairs, the minerals are in an aqueous solution of water. The water based movement of sugars, amino acids and hormones (eg. in phloem) and transpiration stream are also in solution. All the transport fluids used in animals like cytoplasm, blood, plasma and tissue fluid are water based. Essential metabolites dissolve completely in water, like glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamins. Larger molecules like proteins are transported as colloids (molecules which are weakly bound to water molecules). Water being essential to the transportation of necessary substances correlates strongly to water being an excellent solvent, as it is mostly through solution that these substances can get to where they are required. However, water does have other properties which make it suitable for tra nsportation; the low viscosity of water also enables it to flow easily through tubes eg. xylem vessels. Water is a polar molecule, in which it has both positively and negatively charged areas; water consists of two positively charged hydrogen atoms and one negatively charged oxygen atom. As a result of this polarity, opposite (one positive hydrogen atom, one negative oxygen atom) water molecules are attracted to each other and a hydrogen bond is formed. The individual hydrogen bonds are weak, but collectively they make water a very stable medium eg. it remains a liquid over a wide range of temperatures. This property is vital to sustain life in all living organisms. Water is effective as a temperature regulator; its high specific heat capacity (it takes 4.2 Joules of energy to raise one gram of water by 1Â °C it takes a lot of heat energy to significantly raise the temperature of water) allows it to act as a buffer, a necessity in endothermic organisms that need to maintain a constant body temperature in order to fulfil its enzyme potential, and therefore regulate metabolism. The high amount of hydrogen bonds in water also makes it difficult for water molecules to evaporate; when they eventually do, a high amount of energy is released, which in turn acts as a cooling mechanism; this is crucial to life, as internal body temperature needs to be maintained at a constant temperature, any fluctuations can result in a breakdown of essential processes. It must be reinforced that water is a polar molecule, which means it remains a liquid over a wide temperature range, which is good for metabolism and to ensure that aquatic animals in the ocean do not freeze. Water actually has a high, latent heat of fusion from solid to liquid; it requires 300 Joules per gram of ice to melt water, which means that water stays liquid. This is vital for cell cytoplasm, which is made of a high percentage of water: once frozen, a cell would be damaged beyond repair. The freezing point of water is also lowered by solutes, as the soluble molecules disrupt the hydrogen bonds, making the water freeze at a lower temperature and easier to melt into ice. There are many solutes in cytoplasm, ensuring the water will not freeze until well below 0Â °C, protecting the cells. As water cools, its density increases, and the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules take on a more latticed formation (as ice). However, ice floats on the surface of water: this must mean that it must have a lower density than water. Water is at its most dense at 4Â °C; this is because it is at this temperature that the bonds are closest together. When water freezes, the lattice arr angement of its structure loosens slightly, and it will float on the surface. Thereby, the layer of ice would insulate the water below, maintaining its temperature of 4Â °C and aquatic life can continue. Water is useful in sexual reproduction, and is used by animals that use this to create offspring. Water brings male and female gametes together in the process of fertilisation, and in mammals, the foetus develops in a water filled amniotic sac, which provides both physical and thermal stability. Bryophytes (scientific terms for land plants) release antherozoids (male gametes in plants) in moist conditions, which then use flagella to swim to oospheres by chemotaxis; chemotaxis is the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell/multi-cellular organism can direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. Lipids constitute an essential component of a cell, and has tremendous biological importance. Triglycerides are a major group of lipids formed by the combination of three fatty acid molecules with one glycerol molecule and are the main source of energy in animals. One gram of lipid on oxidation release 9.3 kilocalories of heat however, the same amount of carbohydrate only release 4.5 kilocalories in comparison. These are found in adipose tissue (occupying around 90% of the cell volume), which consists of fat cells designed for constant synthesis and decomposition of triglycerides by the enzyme lipase to produce high-caloric energy. A lot of migratory birds depend on their stored energy to fuel their long distance flights. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) can be produced when fatty acids are oxidised. Triglycerides can be easily stored as they are insoluble in water, meaning they will not dissolve in anything but chloroform, ethanol and ether. This is due to the long hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acids (consists of a chain of carbon atoms combined with hydrogen). Unlike polar water molecules, the fatty acid tails have no uneven distribution of electrical charge therefore, triglycerides will not mix freely with water molecules. An animal cell membrane is a flexible lipid bilayer. The lipid molecules (mostly phospholipids) that make up the membrane have a polar, hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails. When the lipids are immersed in an aqueous solution, the lipids rapidly bury the tails together, and leave the hydrophilic heads exposed. This is therefore a very useful membrane, as it can easily automatically repair itself if torn. There are three different major types of lipid molecules: phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids. Different membranes have different ratios of the three lipids. A special feature about these lipid membranes is the presence of different proteins on the surface, used for different functions such as cell surface receptors, enzymes, surface antigens, and transporters. Many of the membrane-associated proteins have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The hydrophilic regions are used to help anchor the protein inside of the cell membrane; some proteins extend across the lipid bilayer, others cross the bilayer several times. Lipids are an excellent energy reserve, as they are very rich in carbon-hydrogen bonds, even more so than in carbohydrates. A given mass of lipid would thereby yield more energy on oxidation than the same mass of carbohydrate (it has a higher calorific value). Fat is stored in a number of places in the human body, especially just below the dermis of the skin and around the kidneys. Below the skin, it acts as an insulator against the loss of heat. Blubber is an example of a lipid found in sea mammals (eg. whales), which functions in both providing insulation and buoyancy. The myelin sheath is a dielectric material that is made up of approximately 80% lipid and 20% protein, and forms an insulating layer around the axon, as well as increasing the speed of impulses, due to there being gaps in the myelin sheath (nodes of Ranvier). Fat serves as a protective cushion and provides structural support to help prevent injury to vital organs, such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen. In the lungs, surfactants are an example of a lipid barrier. Surfactants reduce tension, as without it, the wet surfaces of the alveoli in our lungs would stick together, and the lungs would not be able to expand, thus rendering breathing impossible. Fat insulates the body from heat loss and extreme temperature changes; simultaneously, fat deposits under the skin may be metabolized to generate heat in response to lower skin temperatures. Lipids can also act as a metabolic source of water; when oxidised in respiration they are converted to carbon dioxide and water the water could be important in dry habitats eg. the desert kangaroo rat never drinks water, instead surviving on its metabolic water from its fat intake. Sources: Water = http://www.williamhoward.cumbria.sch.uk/intranet/Science/KS5/Abiology/Factsheets/factsheets1-72/Bio%20Press%20Factsheets/30%20water%20page%201.pdf, Biology 1 textbook

Philosophy Communication Barriers Essay

(a) How does James think of my intending to say something? Does he think of it as a process in consciousness? James argues that our phrasing â€Å"intended to say† is an almost wrong explanation on a subconscious or even psychic thing that it happening within our minds.   The point is that we never consciously form the words in our minds or even draw upon our memory banks to call to mind images of the thing that we mean to say. Instead, it is an unconscious function of the mind that we hear something and choose to respond to it with some form of language. In the event that the language we choose is wrong, we often react with the phrase. â€Å"What I meant to say was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  James argues that this happens when the precognition of our own mind fails to work rapidly enough to anticipate the reaction of the person we are speaking to and choose the proper words to convey to a thought stream to that specific person. On the most basic level, it means that our minds did not act quickly enough to substitute the proper word into a sentence. For example, imagine talking to your best friend about her sister. The intended sentence would be, â€Å"How’s she doing?† As the speaker you would not have planned out the conversation or thought specifically about what to ask, but when you speak and say, â€Å"How’s he doing?† the immediate response is to say, ‘I meant she. How’s she doing?’ there is never a point at which the conscious mind stops and chooses the words to use. This might therefore make an interesting discussion for linguists and psychologists to determine how speech actually happens. James argues that it is a subconscious thing, which implies then that speech is a learned ability you can train the subconscious mind. Take for example learning to speak another language fluently.   Teachers argue that you cannot speak another language fluently until you can think in that language. The premise is basically the same as what James has argues. If you are completely fluent in the language and someone asks,   â€Å"Que es el nombre del gato?† You will be responding with the cat’s name before the image of the cat is even called to mind. If you are less than fluent, you will need to translate the question before you can answer, thus moving the response from the subconscious speech centers to the conscious mind. [(b) Can the arguments Wittgenstein employs against the idea that understanding words is a conscious process be adapted to show that intending or meaning to say words is not a conscious process that begins before I say them   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wittgenstein argues that the meaning of a word is defined as we use it, not by some memory flash card system begun when we are children.   This then would explain in English the tendency to crease euphemisms and phrases which cannot be translated literally based on the presumed meaning of the individual world. To use his argument, if language were a conscious thing, human speech patterns would always be precise and would never relay on simile, metaphor or any other form of literary device. Instead, in essence, he is arguing that because language to create imagery that is not a specific reflection of the exact meaning of what is said, it is a subconscious action. Likewise then, if the use of language is subconscious and not dependent on a specific meaning when a word is chosen, Wittgenstein’s argument can easily be developed to explain that the use of words or even the development of an answer is not necessarily a conscious thing. Think of it as a sort of language autopilot. Our subconscious mind understands what is being discussed and how to respond to it before the conscious mind has a chance to understand the nature of the question. Therefore, the subconscious mind can formulate a response and begin it before the conscious mind starts to speak. In the event that the conscious mind disrupts the process and inserts its own words, the subconscious mind can send it a message that says, ‘What I meant to say was†¦.† c) James claims that intending to say something is or provides an anticipation or premonition (=knowledge in advance) of the words I will say or think. Do Wittgenstein’s remarks in section. 187-192 show that James is laboring under some misunderstanding about this? Explain. Wittgenstein’s remarks indicate that James is misunderstanding the functioning of the mind by calling the natural process of communication between the conscious and subconscious premonition. He would argue that the act of speech is a sort of subconscious act, with only specific forms of speech coming from the conscious mind. If both parts of the mind are working in proper harmony, the subconscious can formulate and plan a response long before the conscious mind can even think about it. However, this is not a self-premonition or anything as supernatural as James might be implying. Instead, it is a factor of the understanding of the human brain and how it works. Since the body cannot, by definition, understand the workings of the subconscious, we simply must accept that these incidences occur when the subconscious works more rapidly than the conscious mind.   Wittgenstein argues that this is not a premonition, but simply evidence that the mind works much faster than we appreciate. 2.) P. F. Strawson writes: States or experiences†¦owe their identity as particulars to the identity of the person whose states and experiences they are. From this it follows immediately that if they can be identified as particular states and experiences at all, they must be possessed†¦in such a way that it is logically impossible that a particular state or experience in fact possessed by someone should have been possessed by anyone else. The requirements of identity rule out logical transferability of ownership. [Individuals, p. 97] (a) Briefly describe Wittgenstein’s treatment of the idea that â€Å"another person can’t have my pains† in Philosophical Investigations Section 253. (Describe the aims and strategy of his remarks.)[ Wittgenstein disagrees with Strawson, with a tongue-in-cheek sarcasm to illustrate that in the event of Siamese twins, two people could share the exact same pain. Ultimately, though his goal is to demonstrate that identity is not as important to the identification of pain as far as location and intensity. Whether a person has the exact same headache that you are having is not nearly as relevant as the fact that they have had a headache in the past and can therefore commiserate with the pain that you are feeling.   In essence, he is arguing that the sameness of the pain is also irrelevant. When discussing the human condition, it is more important to draw parallels between like circumstances than to throw up semi-rational boundaries such as the identifiers that Strawson used. While it may technically, maybe, be impossible for more than one other person to feel the exact same pain that you are feeling, in the human nature of inexact speech we often use the phrase â€Å"same pain† to indicate that we have been in similar circumstances. Drawing unnecessary barriers by pointing out that our individuality will affect the way that we feel pain does nothing to promote a greater understanding of pain, the nature of the individual, the nature of empathy or the human condition. If Strawson were attempting to define the uniqueness of the individual, his commentary might have been relevant, but in a discussion about the nature of pain, it is divisive and irrelevant. The point is to discuss the sameness of the human condition in that while we may have different understandings of pain, we can interrelate via the concept of pain. For example, two women with menstrual cramps may not be experiencing the same intensity of pain or even the same location, but they can relate based on the similar circumstance. (b) Do observations like those in his PhilosophicalRemarks *2 account for all the ways we use the expression (same) pain?] Wittgenstein’s examples via Philosophical Remarks perhaps do not go far enough in disavowing Strawson’s claims, but he does make a good start. By arguing that the criteria of identifying the sameness of pain involves location and intensity as criteria rather than identity of the person feeling the pain, Wittgenstein effectively argues that Strawson’s claim is false. What he fails to discuss are the non-physical sources of pain and whether they can be the same pain or if Strawson is closer to the mark when using inaccurate language to describe emotional trauma. But here too, if Wittgenstein had desired, he could argue that Strawson’s claim is fundamentally flawed. Again, we go first to the example of identical twins that are raised together. Though there might be some differences in their emotional makeup, for the most part, they are going to feel emotional pain in the same way. But even if we forgo the genetic aspect ad simply discuss emotion as an end result of experience, it seems ludicrous to assume that each of the six billion people on the planet will have experienced life in a completely unique way and will therefore never have the same pain as another person. (c) Push Wittgenstein’s investigation one step further. We say things like this: â€Å"I had two bad headaches today: one in the morning and one in the afternoon†. What are â€Å"criteria† for sameness and difference in such cases? The primary criteria for sameness and difference in this case would be the location of the headache and its intensity. For example, a tension headache might begin at the base of the spine and radiate upward, a sinus headache might begin just below the eyes and a migraine might be a throbbing in the temples. Each can be described as a bad headache depending on the severity and each is unique in its location. However, often people who are prone to headaches will have them in the same location and are given to saying, â€Å"I had that same headache again† to indicate to the listeners that this is a recurring problem in the same location with the same intensity. When language is used precisely, this is an inexact statement, but if the primary purpose of language is to convey meaning to the listener, this can be a much simpler way of saying â€Å"I have a headache again in the same spot as I did yesterday and it hurts the same amount.† Much like with the other discussion, Wittgenstein seems to be challenging his fellow philosophers regarding their choice and use of the language. Because the language itself is inexact, making a claim simply based on the language usage is invalid. (d) Do these cases vindicate Strawson? I do not believe these issues vindicate Strawson at all. It appears that he was doing exact what Wittgenstein was trying to warn against: he was using an imprecise example of language to erect a barrier to human empathy that need not exist. Generally speaking, when a person uses the phrases, â€Å"I feel your pain† it is to indicate that I have been in a similar circumstance and have felt pain because of it. As such, I can empathize with your pain. However, people simply do not talk that way and to expect them to do so is illogical. Therefore, Wittgenstein rebukes Strawson, fairly gently, trying to make him understand that the same is not always the same.   It makes perfect sense when you consider the propensity in English to use the phrase â€Å"exactly the same†. Though sameness implies that two things are alike, we have learned to differentiate between things that are similar and thus the same in casual conversation and things that are identical.

Neonatal Nurse

Job Outlook of a Neonatal Nurse Modern-day fertility treatments have made the dream of parenthood come true for thousands of people. Each year, more advancements are made in this field, and as fertility treatments become safer and more available they are also becoming more common. However, with the advent of fertility medicine has come a sharp rise in multiple and premature births, sending more newborns to the NICU. All nurses count patient care among their most important responsibilities, but an ill or premature newborn needs round-the-clock monitoring and care.In addition to the high-pressure environment of the NICU, neonatal nurses also are tasked with helping the families of the babies in their care understand what is happening. Taking responsibility for these tiniest of lives requires an immense amount of diligence and strength. Before setting out on such a daunting career path, many potential neonatal nurses want to know: What is the job outlook of a neonatal nurse? And what is a typical neonatal nurse salary like?The rise in newborns needing extra neonatal care has resulted in a corresponding upswing in the job outlook of a neonatal nurse. In the last 20 years the number of hospitals with NICUs has grown along with the demand for their services. As with most nursing positions, demand is expected to continue to increase in the years to come. The job outlook for a neonatal nurse is bright – there is a very good chance that neonatal nurses will continue to be in demand. Neonatal Nurse Salary A neonatal nurse salary is affected first and foremost by the kind of nurse involved.The median Neonatal Nurse Salary by Job Title chart shows that nurse managers and nurse practitioners earn a much higher neonatal nurse salary than many other positions. Indeed, a large percentage of a NICU's staff will be neonatal nurse practitioners. For a neonatal nurse, yearly salary is also tied to years of experience. Researching a Neonatal Nurse Salary by Years of Experien ce, we can see that for a neonatal nurse, salary increases by over $20,000 over 20 years of experience. Many smaller or more rural hospitals may not have a NICU, which may be why comparing Neonatal Related essay: â€Å"Ati RN Community Health Online Practice 2016 B†Nurse Salary by Number of Hospital Beds tends to show higher salaries for larger hospitals. Looking for a city with high neonatal nurse salaries? Check the median Neonatal Nurse Salary by City report to see which cities offer the highest salaries. Average Neonatal Nurse Yearly Salary Dr. Salary doesn't make house calls, but he can give your salary some intensive care! Learn the difference between asking, â€Å"what is the median neonatal nurse salary† and, â€Å"what is the average neonatal nurse yearly salary† in the Ask Dr. Salary article, â€Å"Why is Median Better than Mean for a Typical Salary? â€Å"

Dian Fossey, Primatologist - Profile and Biography

Dian Fossey, Primatologist - Profile and Biography Dian Fossey Facts: Known for: study of mountain gorillas, work to preserve habitat for gorillasOccupation: primatologist, scientistDates: January 16, 1932 - December 26?, 1985 Dian Fossey Biography: Dian Fosseys father, George Fossey, left the family when Dian was only three.   Her mother, Kitty Kidd, remarried, but Dians stepfather, Richard Price, discouraged Dians plans.  An uncle paid for her education.   Dian Fossey studied as a preveterinary student in her undergraduate work before transferring to an occupational therapy program. She spent seven years as director of occupational therapy in a Louisville, Kentucky hospital, taking care of children with disabilities. Dian Fossey developed an interest in mountain gorillas, and wanted to see them in their natural habitat. Her first visit to the mountain gorillas came when she went in 1963 on a seven-week safari. She met with Mary and Louis Leakey before traveling to Zaire. She returned to Kentucky and her job. Three years later, Louis Leakey visited Dian Fossey in Kentucky to urge her to follow through on her desire to study the gorillas. He told her she later found it it was to test her commitment to have her appendix removed prior to moving to Africa to spend an extended time studying the gorillas. After raising funds, including support from the Leakeys, Dian Fossey returned to Africa, visited Jane Goodall to learn from her, and then made her way to Zaire and the home of the mountain gorillas. Dian Fossey earned the trust of the gorillas, but human beings were another matter. She was taken into custody in Zaire, escaped to Uganda, and moved to Rwanda to continue her work. She created the Karisoke Research Centre in Rwanda in a high mountain range, the Virunga Volcano mountains, though the thin air challenged her asthma.   She hired Africans to help with her work, but lived alone. By techniques she developed, especially imitation of the gorilla behavior, she was again accepted as an observer by a group of mountain gorillas there. Fossey discovered and publicized their peaceful nature and their nurturing family relationships. Contrary to standard scientific practice of the time, she even named the individuals. From 1970-1974, Fossey went to England to get her doctorate at Cambridge University, in zoology, as a way of lending more legitimacy to her work. Her dissertation summarized her work thus far with the gorillas. Returning to Africa, Fossey began taking in research volunteers who extended the work shed been doing. She began to focus more on conservation programs, recognizing that between habitat loss and poaching, the gorilla population had been cut in half in the area in only 20 years. When one of her favorite gorillas, Digit, was killed, she began a very public campaign against poachers who killed gorillas, offering rewards and alienating some of her supporters.   American officials, including the Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, persuaded Fossey to leave Africa.   Back in America in 1980, she received medical attention for conditions that had been aggravated by her isolation and poor nutrition and care. Fossey taught at Cornell University. In 1983 she published Gorillas in the Mist, a popularized version of her studies. Saying she preferred gorillas to people, she returned to Africa and to her gorilla research, as well as to her anti-poaching activity. On December 26, 1985, her body was discovered near the research center. Presumably, Dian Fossey had been killed by the poachers shed fought, or their political allies, though Rwandan officials blamed her assistant.   Her murder has never been solved. She was buried in the gorilla cemetery at her Rwandan research station. On her gravestone: No one loved gorillas more... She joins other famous women environmentalists, ecofeminists, and scientists like Rachel Carson, Jane Goodall, and Wangari Maathai. Bibliography Gorillas in the Mist: Dian Fossey. 1988. Dian Fossey: Befriending the Gorillas. Suzanne Freedman, 1997. Woman in the Mists: The Story of Dian Fossey the Mountain Gorillas of Africa. Farley Mowat, 1988. Light Shining Through the Mist: A Photobiography of Dian Fossey: Tom L. Matthews. 1998. Walking with the Great Apes: Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, Birute Galdikas. Sy Montgomery, 1992.   Murders in the Mist: Who Killed Dian Fossey?  Ã‚  Nicholas Gordon, 1993. The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey. Harold Hayes, 1990. African Madness. Alex Shoumatoff, 1988. Family Father: George Fossey, insurance salesMother: Kitty Kidd, modelStepfather: Richard Price Education University of California at DavisSan Jose State College